Bison Safety: How to Stay Safe in Yellowstone

Bison are the largest land mammals in North America and can be found in Yellowstone and other national parks. While they may look slow and docile, they are wild animals that can sprint up to 35 mph (56 km/h) and will aggressively defend their space. This guide explains how to avoid dangerous encounters and what to do if a bison charges, keeping you and the animals safe.

What You’ll Need

Binoculars or a zoom camera lens (to observe from a safe distance)
Bear spray (optional but recommended for extra protection)
Knowledge of park regulations (check the park’s website or visitor center)

Step-by-Step

Keep at least 25 yards (23 meters) away. This is the legal minimum distance in most parks. Always give bison more space if they seem agitated, are near a calf, or are in a tight trail corridor.
Use binoculars or a telephoto lens. Never approach a bison for a photo. Zoom in instead of moving closer.
Watch for warning signs. A bison that is raising its tail, pawing the ground, snorting, or turning to face you is telling you to back off. These are precursors to a charge.
Keep your distance when bison are near roads. If a bison is blocking the road, stay in your car and wait. Do not get out to shoo it away.
Stay in your vehicle if a bison approaches. If you are outside and a bison walks toward you, slowly back away while keeping your eyes on the animal (but avoid direct eye contact, which can be seen as a threat).
If a bison charges, do not run. Running triggers a chase instinct. Instead, stand your ground, wave your arms, and shout. If you have bear spray, deploy it when the bison is within 10–15 feet (3–4.5 meters).
If a bison makes contact, use bear spray. Aim for the face. If you are knocked down, curl into a ball, cover your head with your arms, and play dead. Do not get up until the bison has moved away.

Common Mistakes

Getting too close for a selfie. This is the most common cause of bison injuries. A bison’s personal space is much larger than you think.
Turning your back and running. Running makes you look like prey and can trigger a chase. Bison can outrun you easily.
Assuming bison are tame because they are used to people. They are still wild and unpredictable.
Ignoring warning signs. A bison that is agitated will give clear signals. Ignoring them is a recipe for disaster.
Approaching a bison calf. Mothers are extremely protective. Never get between a mother and her calf.

Tips

Visit during early morning or late evening when bison are more active but also more likely to be near roads. This can make it easier to view them from a safe distance.
Use pullouts to stop and watch bison. Never stop in the middle of the road, as this can create a traffic jam and put you and the bison at risk.
If you are hiking, make noise to alert bison of your presence. A surprised bison is more likely to charge.
Keep your dog on a leash at all times. A barking dog can provoke a bison, and you may not be able to protect your pet.
Carry bear spray in an easily accessible holster, not buried in your backpack. Practice using it before you need it.

Troubleshooting

What if a bison is blocking the trail? Do not try to sneak past. Turn around and find another route, or wait until the bison moves away on its own. Give it plenty of space.

What if you accidentally get too close? Slowly back away, keeping your face toward the bison. Do not make sudden movements. If the bison shows warning signs, stop backing away and stand still until it calms down, then slowly continue backing away.

What if bear spray doesn’t work? Bear spray is highly effective but not 100% guaranteed. If the bison continues to charge, your last resort is to protect your vital organs. If you are knocked down, curl into a ball and cover your head and neck with your arms. Play dead until the bison leaves.

What if you are injured? Call 911 or the park emergency number immediately. If you are unable to move, try to attract attention by shouting or using a whistle. Do not move unless you are in immediate danger, as you may have injuries you are not aware of.

Frequently Asked Questions

How fast can a bison run? Bison can run up to 35 mph (56 km/h), which is faster than most humans. They can also jump over 6 feet (1.8 meters) high.

Are bison aggressive? Bison are generally not aggressive, but they will defend themselves if they feel threatened. Most attacks occur when people get too close, especially during mating season (July–August) or when calves are present (April–June).

Can I touch a bison? No. Touching a bison is illegal in national parks and extremely dangerous. Bison have sharp horns and can weigh over 2,000 pounds (900 kg).

What should I do if a bison is near my car? Stay inside your car. Do not honk the horn or rev the engine, as this may startle the bison. Wait for it to move away.

Is it safe to hike in areas with bison? Yes, as long as you maintain a safe distance and stay alert. Make noise to avoid surprising them, and be especially cautious in areas with poor visibility, such as dense forests or tall grass.

What is the fine for getting too close to a bison? Fines vary by park, but can be several hundred dollars. More importantly, getting too close can result in serious injury or death. The fine is not worth the risk.

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