Drought-Tolerant Native Plants for Hawaii Volcanic Landscapes

For restoring a volcanic landscape in Hawaii, the top pick is ‘�weoweo (Chenopodium oahuense)—a fast-growing, extremely drought-tolerant native shrub that stabilizes soil, thrives in bare rocky substrate, and provides quick cover for slower species. It handles full sun, strong wind, and minimal water once established, making it the most reliable starter plant for harsh volcanic sites.

What to Look For

Not all native plants are equal when it comes to volcanic restoration. Focus on these criteria:

• Drought tolerance: Volcanic soils drain instantly and hold little water; plants must survive long dry periods between rains.
• Root system: Deep or fibrous roots anchor loose substrate and reduce erosion on slopes.
• Sun and wind exposure: Many volcanic sites have no shade and constant trade winds; choose species that thrive in those conditions.
• Growth rate: Fast growers provide quick soil cover and shade for slower, more delicate species.
• Low maintenance: For large-scale restoration, you want plants that need minimal watering, fertilizing, or pruning after establishment.
• Native status: Use true Hawaiian natives to support local ecosystems and avoid invasive species.

‘Āweoweo (Chenopodium oahuense)

Strengths: This shrub is a pioneer species on recent lava flows and cinder fields. It grows quickly (up to 1–2 m tall), produces deep roots, and tolerates extreme drought, full sun, and poor soil. It also provides habitat and food for native insects and birds.

Trade-offs: It can become woody and less attractive over time; it may need periodic pruning to keep it bushy. It is not a long-lived species, so plan for succession.

Best for: Initial soil stabilization, large-scale restoration, and sites with very little organic matter.

‘Ilima (Sida fallax)

Strengths: A low-growing groundcover with beautiful yellow flowers, ‘ilima is extremely drought-tolerant and thrives in rocky, dry areas. It spreads by runners, covering soil and reducing erosion. It also has cultural significance and attracts native pollinators.

Trade-offs: It is slow to establish from seed; use rooted cuttings for faster results. It can be outcompeted by weeds if not maintained initially.

Best for: Slopes and areas needing low, dense groundcover; also great for ornamental restoration projects.

P�‘ūohi‘iaka (Jacquemontia sandwicensis)

Strengths: A prostrate vine with small white flowers, this plant is a coastal dryland specialist. It tolerates salt spray, drought, and poor volcanic soil. It forms a dense mat that protects soil from wind and water erosion.

Trade-offs: It prefers coastal or low-elevation sites; may not thrive at higher elevations or in very wet conditions. It grows slowly compared to shrubs.

Best for: Coastal volcanic sites, dunes, and areas with salt exposure.

‘Ōhai (Sesbania tomentosa)

Strengths: This native legume shrub has striking coral-red flowers and fixes nitrogen, enriching poor volcanic soils. It is highly drought-tolerant and grows on bare lava rock. It also provides food for native birds.

Trade-offs: It is endangered in the wild; seeds may be hard to source. It can be sensitive to root disturbance and may need well-drained soil to avoid rot.

Best for: Adding nitrogen to the soil, attracting wildlife, and creating visual interest in restoration areas.

‘A‘ali‘i (Dodonaea viscosa)

Strengths: A versatile shrub or small tree that grows in a wide range of conditions, from dry coastal areas to wet forests. It has attractive papery seed capsules and provides good windbreak. It is very drought-tolerant once established.

Trade-offs: It can grow quite large (up to 4 m), so it may not suit small plots. It can be slow to establish and may need supplemental water during the first year.

Best for: Creating vertical structure, windbreaks, and habitat for native birds and insects.

Hinahina (Heliotropium anomalum)

Strengths: A silvery-leaved groundcover that thrives in dry, rocky, coastal areas. It is extremely drought-tolerant and has a prostrate growth habit, making it excellent for soil stabilization. Its foliage provides a beautiful contrast.

Trade-offs: It is slow-growing and may not spread quickly. It prefers coastal conditions and may struggle inland.

Best for: Coastal volcanic slopes and areas where a low-maintenance, silvery groundcover is desired.

How to Choose

Start by assessing your site: elevation, rainfall, soil type, and sun exposure. For large-scale restoration on bare lava, choose fast-growing pioneers like ‘�weoweo and ‘�hai first. For slopes, add groundcovers like ‘ilima or p�‘ūohi‘iaka to prevent erosion. If you have a small garden or ornamental project, consider slower-growing but showy species like hinahina and ‘a‘ali‘i.

Budget matters: seeds are cheaper but may have low germination rates; rooted cuttings cost more but establish faster. If you need quick cover, invest in plugs or containers. For large areas, mixing seeds of pioneer species is more cost-effective.

Common trade-offs: fast growth often means shorter lifespan, so plan for succession. Groundcovers may need more initial weed control. Some species are rare and may be hard to source; check with local nurseries or restoration groups.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I just scatter seeds on lava rock?

Seeds need contact with soil or crevices to germinate. On bare rock, they may wash away or dry out. For best results, use seedlings or plugs planted in cracks or with a small amount of soil.

How often do I need to water after planting?

For the first 2–4 weeks, water every few days to establish roots. After that, gradually reduce frequency. Most drought-tolerant natives need water only during extended dry spells once established.

Are these plants safe for pets or children?

None of the listed species are known to be toxic, but it’s always good to supervise pets and children around plants. Avoid ingesting any plant material.

Where can I buy these plants?

Check with native plant nurseries in Hawaii, such as those affiliated with the Hawaii Native Plant Society or local botanical gardens. Some species may be available as seeds from conservation groups.

Will these plants attract native birds?

Yes, especially ‘�hai and ‘a‘ali‘i, which provide food and nesting sites. ‘Āweoweo also attracts native insects that birds feed on.

What about invasive weeds?

Weeds are the biggest threat to restoration. Prepare the site by removing invasive species before planting, and monitor regularly. Use mulch or groundcovers to suppress weeds.

Bottom Line

For most volcanic restoration projects, start with ‘�weoweo as your backbone species—it’s tough, fast, and effective at stabilizing soil. Add ‘ilima or p�‘ūohi‘iaka for groundcover, and ‘�hai to boost soil fertility. If you have a smaller, more ornamental site, choose hinahina and ‘a‘ali‘i for their beauty and resilience. Always source plants from reputable native nurseries and plan for long-term maintenance to ensure success.

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